The “hierarchy” command
- Last Updated: May 13, 2026
- 100 minute read
- Semaphore
- Documentation
The “hierarchy” command without an ID parameter will return the top level terms within the model. If the entire model is published, then those top level terms are the concept schemes. If only a section of the model is published, then the top level terms will be those concepts or concepts schemes in that fragment that do not have a broader term.
| Request | XML output | JSON output |
|---|---|---|
| REST request: | http://localhost:8983/ses/SpaceMissions/hierarchy |
http://localhost:8983/ses/SpaceMissions/hierarchy.json |
| CGI request: | http://localhost:8983/ses/?TBDB=SpaceMissions&service=browse |
http://localhost:8983/ses/?TBDB=SpaceMissions&service=browse&template=service.json |
If an ID parameter is supplied then it assumed to be a comma separated list of concept identifiers. Those terms will be returned along with all child terms of each of those terms.
| Request | XML output | JSON output |
|---|---|---|
| REST request: | http://localhost:8983/ses/SpaceMissions/hierarchy/66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b,717638fa-6eba-4fa7-a19f-50dcf5e4b73d |
http://localhost:8983/ses/SpaceMissions/hierarchy/66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b,717638fa-6eba-4fa7-a19f-50dcf5e4b73d.json |
| CGI request: | http://localhost:8983/ses/?TBDB=SpaceMissions&service=browse&id=66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b,717638fa-6eba-4fa7-a19f-50dcf5e4b73d |
http://localhost:8983/ses/?TBDB=SpaceMissions&service=browse&template=service.json&id=66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b,717638fa-6eba-4fa7-a19f-50dcf5e4b73d |
Additional Parameter Options
- callback
- childLimit
- class
- facet
- filter
- hiertype
- language
- maxresultcount
- mindocs
- name
- relatedConceptLimit
- timezone
Response
XML
No ID provided:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<SEMAPHORE>
<PARAMETERS>
<PARAMETER NAME="relatedconceptlimit">10000</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="q">top_level:true</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="pathelementlimit">10000</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="fl">json_en id</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="language">en</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="language">en</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="language">en</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="language">en</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="sort">name_en_pl asc</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="fq">content_type:concept OR content_type:concept_scheme</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="rows">1000</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="version">1</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="wt">sesBrowseXML</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="structure">XML</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="rid">127.0.0.1-57</PARAMETER>
</PARAMETERS>
<TERMS>
<TERM URI="http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#ConceptScheme/People">
<NAME>People</NAME>
<ID>bfc33274-197f-4873-a1f4-f421c8ab64aa</ID>
<DISPLAY_NAME>People</DISPLAY_NAME>
<FREQUENCY>0</FREQUENCY>
<CLASSES>
<CLASS>Concept Scheme</CLASS>
</CLASSES>
<FACETS>
<FACET ID="bfc33274-197f-4873-a1f4-f421c8ab64aa" NAME="People"/>
</FACETS>
<HIERARCHY QTY="59" TYPE="Narrower Term">
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="18d5e321-219b-4f59-8e2c-268af712d095" NAME="Aleksandr Kaleri">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="70056e91-43ba-4b3c-8c70-7d1d619ca4fb" NAME="Aleksandr Viktorenko">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="f627cc79-0155-4a93-b9b1-c91bd1fc82de" NAME="Aleksey Ovchinin">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="0e8acc82-37a5-43d4-8031-56be8aa2e217" NAME="Alexander Gerst">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="d7d40f43-6cf7-4349-93d5-722c39c7eb4d" NAME="Anatoli Ivanishin">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="ccb98e5a-b961-4290-96c1-f52318275dc9" NAME="Anousheh Ansari">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="f4d53c10-c735-4c86-94f2-dc54c99b3742" NAME="Astronauts">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="129c75d4-9f0e-4f72-ba23-3ff52b5f7218" NAME="Austrian Space Agency">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="a84c3686-90a0-40d2-bda5-28712fba1e06" NAME="Aydyn Aimbetov">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="2c33fd8f-5cc2-4c5e-94ec-8fa8ca88fe98" NAME="Boeing">
<CLASS NAME="Company"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="739870b7-58b6-479b-910b-e289a0c7dba8" NAME="Brazilian Space Agency">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="8333b255-8053-4aca-8c25-44707087ee52" NAME="CNES">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="d2f8e66a-ee63-475c-8cd3-fd34d5d20a62" NAME="Canadian Space Agency">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="9705abba-8395-4341-a849-0d8da3999488" NAME="Charles Simonyi">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="e5839aec-b13e-41bb-ae30-9ede3f77e396" NAME="China National Space Administration">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="5bd092e3-d8bb-4119-9c56-d314a09212f2" NAME="Dmitri Kondratyev">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="86320dac-5cd9-48b8-8492-4e7104ffd7bb" NAME="European Space Agency">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="eeae9f59-aecb-4d87-851d-addbee2d55b4" NAME="Extravehicular activity">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="8e1fa0d6-c715-4873-959e-9fb3a5975feb" NAME="Gennadi Manakov">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="f345fc0a-0264-4aa7-8f9d-020e1e5420c2" NAME="Gennady Padalka">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="f6b05070-8baf-44cf-bdab-5188b9a03ba4" NAME="Georgy Dobrovolsky">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="5a3467d8-f7d7-4a0e-a230-17e9c2f1dbad" NAME="German Aerospace Center">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="a4ebaea1-a6dc-4a47-8c65-76f9c789c750" NAME="Guy Laliberté">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="491b2de6-cd7e-4206-bc5a-c8678ab23f91" NAME="Harrison Schmitt">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="321c7af1-f8ff-45c2-ac53-60dfcd624b77" NAME="Interkosmos">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="aacb9c86-30ee-4b83-ae6a-0915bb64a28c" NAME="Italian Space Agency">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="2c62d7f5-7d4c-4289-b580-3843d1272a6f" NAME="Ivan Bella">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="09664339-8d56-4127-9a5d-2bdef2a18141" NAME="JAXA">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="19a65826-100e-4cc9-a22e-0025f6ca4cd9" NAME="Joseph M. Acaba">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="c5fe8132-3654-4719-a809-a18870636a99" NAME="Korean Astronaut Program">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="81715e48-b58d-4e36-ab64-d45fec4a2652" NAME="Leroy Chiao">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="ae347084-2bec-4d6e-be87-4a1464f9dead" NAME="Liu Wang">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="1e7c9f3b-badd-460a-9ab7-f83d6fccc394" NAME="Liu Yang">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="b59c369b-8fa4-4e93-8f14-d0417711e4ea" NAME="Malaysian National Space Agency">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="58290695-5de3-4bd2-906d-115db43f99e2" NAME="Man in Space Soonest">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="eb0eb5de-deb3-4313-b094-18b7abcbc225" NAME="Mark Shuttleworth">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="51a4417a-423c-482c-a909-991efeeb0c55" NAME="NASA">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="664bc888-e636-49d7-ba79-80a8b732d98e" NAME="National Research Council (Canada)">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="9b965b9f-72de-40fe-b9cf-9e0f6a175c97" NAME="National Space Development Agency of Japan">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="d46acd59-988d-471e-9c41-d72fedb435ac" NAME="Nicole Stott">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="5a89b825-6198-4296-a7bd-5bfc0e72690e" NAME="Oleg Skripochka">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="93450efa-06c3-4532-aef7-5acbd5c333ec" NAME="Project Juno">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="273f0148-77c6-4aba-a812-57c8f3ecbd7c" NAME="Rakesh Sharma">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="76d6b2ed-4ca6-48a6-9c76-67e41aa2226e" NAME="Richard Garriott">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="b011c628-f4a4-426f-b69e-d403eaf9b1bc" NAME="Russian Federal Space Agency">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="bfe51c4c-d76c-42e6-878c-cc6d2866bae7" NAME="Sergey Nikolayevich Ryzhikov">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="7b742b46-e25b-4fcf-9687-5485cb605070" NAME="Soviet space program">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="12d48d83-7f2c-4749-8300-28a0b697a012" NAME="SpaceX">
<CLASS NAME="Company"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="2b3f1aaa-656d-43e5-8a50-766dc441676a" NAME="Space Adventures">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="a4fd258a-5267-47a9-b12d-26676733d4d2" NAME="Space tourism">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="c3cb6697-bc90-44e4-8ff9-bdcacac46ba7" NAME="Tokyo Broadcasting System">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="f1a630e8-3953-4556-8bac-a3828516c4be" NAME="Vietnam People's Air Force">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="3b8f13b6-99d9-4002-8271-bc478c03db24" NAME="Viktor Savinykh">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="2a24115c-fb23-40c4-b622-1a23550be7bc" NAME="Vladimir Titov">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="2a15667c-1518-4b75-8c52-46b14c2da07a" NAME="Wang Yaping">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="31081e3a-c3b5-44be-a73f-4c1c478bdf96" NAME="Yelena Serova">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="bb2a80d1-d446-4678-8791-6533450bd1f3" NAME="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">
<CLASS NAME="Organization"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="9f4e4fdd-f91c-4bfa-b0e4-b3b5a681ac3b" NAME="Yury Vasilyevich Malyshev">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="ad110ee2-02d3-40a3-a2e7-b7a2603940c0" NAME="Zhang Xiaoguang">
<CLASS NAME="Astronaut"/>
</FIELD>
</HIERARCHY>
<METADATA>
<FIELD NAME="URI">http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#ConceptScheme/People</FIELD>
</METADATA>
</TERM>
<TERM URI="http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#ConceptScheme/Places">
<NAME>Places</NAME>
<ID>c7c21bc6-8acc-4228-a7b3-ddb5f2ac1e59</ID>
<DISPLAY_NAME>Places</DISPLAY_NAME>
<FREQUENCY>0</FREQUENCY>
<CLASSES>
<CLASS>Concept Scheme</CLASS>
</CLASSES>
<FACETS>
<FACET ID="c7c21bc6-8acc-4228-a7b3-ddb5f2ac1e59" NAME="Places"/>
</FACETS>
<HIERARCHY QTY="1" TYPE="Narrower Term">
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="1a872cb8-61f1-456e-8238-c03c54e450e3" NAME="Points of Interest">
<CLASS NAME="Concept"/>
</FIELD>
</HIERARCHY>
<METADATA>
<FIELD NAME="URI">http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#ConceptScheme/Places</FIELD>
</METADATA>
</TERM>
<TERM URI="http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#ConceptScheme/Programmes-Missions">
<NAME>Programmes & Missions</NAME>
<ID>7e3009d6-2636-4e96-af72-81a70b19e18d</ID>
<DISPLAY_NAME>Programmes & Missions</DISPLAY_NAME>
<FREQUENCY>0</FREQUENCY>
<CLASSES>
<CLASS>Concept Scheme</CLASS>
</CLASSES>
<FACETS>
<FACET ID="7e3009d6-2636-4e96-af72-81a70b19e18d" NAME="Programmes & Missions"/>
</FACETS>
<HIERARCHY QTY="13" TYPE="Narrower Term">
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="6cbf8fcf-1630-4710-9131-98fae5bbf9e7" NAME="Apollo-Soyuz Test Project">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b" NAME="Apollo space program">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="1e3c0af8-95a9-4874-950e-d3f50e1584a5" NAME="Commercial Crew Program">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="717638fa-6eba-4fa7-a19f-50dcf5e4b73d" NAME="Copernicus Programme">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="0cc44efd-f27f-46a3-8f85-f2aa17982689" NAME="International Space Station">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="40a0fee2-1226-49ef-8fcb-befec6bf5c30" NAME="Korabl-Sputnik 3">
<CLASS NAME="Mission"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="d54845dd-5f4f-4666-9dbf-1f9669651485" NAME="Korabl-Sputnik 4">
<CLASS NAME="Mission"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="13296547-4edd-4a14-a6dc-b25044025204" NAME="Mir">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="c919b825-918c-415d-b6cd-371ead3e322b" NAME="Project Gemini">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="e874100c-3719-4f67-a6ed-b778837127f2" NAME="Sentinel">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="0ad7c644-a306-4e00-a843-c9e6e24850ae" NAME="Shenzhou program">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="e28a2406-dff0-49aa-82d9-9a5fb7bc8cd1" NAME="Soyuz programme">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="c1c51bc6-b9fb-406a-981b-03eedf1188e5" NAME="Space Shuttle Program">
<CLASS NAME="Programme"/>
</FIELD>
</HIERARCHY>
<METADATA>
<FIELD NAME="URI">http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#ConceptScheme/Programmes-Missions</FIELD>
</METADATA>
</TERM>
<TERM URI="http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#ConceptScheme/Vehicles">
<NAME>Vehicles</NAME>
<ID>628286df-b32b-47cd-a8de-f310d17ad43d</ID>
<DISPLAY_NAME>Vehicles</DISPLAY_NAME>
<FREQUENCY>0</FREQUENCY>
<CLASSES>
<CLASS>Concept Scheme</CLASS>
</CLASSES>
<FACETS>
<FACET ID="628286df-b32b-47cd-a8de-f310d17ad43d" NAME="Vehicles"/>
</FACETS>
<HIERARCHY QTY="3" TYPE="Narrower Term">
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="a0a72711-6224-41c7-ba8f-5604b13f4da3" NAME="Launch vehicles">
<CLASS NAME="Concept"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="38f0928d-10d2-476a-97dc-d283c1bc5f6d" NAME="Space Shuttle">
<CLASS NAME="Orbital Vehicle"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="2a384ab9-60b4-4aa7-ba12-a066ee899aeb" NAME="Spacecrafts">
<CLASS NAME="Concept"/>
</FIELD>
</HIERARCHY>
<METADATA>
<FIELD NAME="URI">http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#ConceptScheme/Vehicles</FIELD>
</METADATA>
</TERM>
</TERMS>
</SEMAPHORE>
Ids provided.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<SEMAPHORE>
<PARAMETERS>
<PARAMETER NAME="relatedconceptlimit">10000</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="q">{!terms f=id}66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b,717638fa-6eba-4fa7-a19f-50dcf5e4b73d,bd6579bf-401d-4883-8918-ac2e5832e124,ec138adf-2527-47f9-8607-f798f87bf872,493cb4f5-102f-4492-a766-449ff1eba891,6aceb141-ecc2-453e-a186-fcdeab70288d,14a18e6f-f11d-4427-bd17-aa3511209e07,e80b5656-a3b1-4021-b97e-a43cd58a7a31,2370e81c-29b4-4e2e-ad8d-37f3d20d3b4b,1da9a43a-8ce0-4bb5-976b-aed8c5cfcc8a,ebfea1e6-8e3a-483b-9834-04c183a2c746,7985492e-7a23-4070-ac9b-11ad2cf868d4,598ab2e2-bdc2-478c-9bf2-0d66b92daa24,6c5985be-82c4-4e4f-a3b4-7525e95e1f40,80077caa-25cd-4038-b48c-fa45ed6f81ba,ccfbcca8-ab8d-4c42-820c-aadd9ebef1bd,96191bea-8b57-4f45-b81e-e3be7e3edf41,2b678f25-cbef-48c4-a20d-7ce83863791d,ba3b320f-7644-43b9-aa41-65a4b7a44c33,8b2ffc68-a44b-4fe8-95d2-fef03a589e6a,f548fd68-7240-4c17-a026-a70a1b2d8d06,62f939be-d1c4-4441-be09-e26290f0018e,bf3f5955-036e-4554-af5e-afa741c19be8</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="pathelementlimit">10000</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="fl">json_en id</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="language">en</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="language">en</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="language">en</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="language">en</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="id">66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b,717638fa-6eba-4fa7-a19f-50dcf5e4b73d</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="id">66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b,717638fa-6eba-4fa7-a19f-50dcf5e4b73d</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="sort">name_en_pl asc</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="fq">content_type:concept OR content_type:concept_scheme</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="rows">1002</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="version">1</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="wt">sesBrowseXML</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="structure">XML</PARAMETER>
<PARAMETER NAME="rid">127.0.0.1-59</PARAMETER>
</PARAMETERS>
<BROWSE_TERM>
<TERM URI="http://models.smartlogic.com/SpaceMissions#Apollo_space_program">
<NAME>Apollo space program</NAME>
<ID>66e9490b-fc45-488b-bba6-720c88b4657b</ID>
<DISPLAY_NAME>Apollo space program</DISPLAY_NAME>
<FREQUENCY>0</FREQUENCY>
<CLASSES>
<CLASS>Programme</CLASS>
</CLASSES>
<FACETS>
<FACET ID="7e3009d6-2636-4e96-af72-81a70b19e18d" NAME="Programmes & Missions"/>
</FACETS>
<SYNONYMS TYPE="Use For">
<SYNONYM>Apollo program</SYNONYM>
<SYNONYM>Project Apollo</SYNONYM>
</SYNONYMS>
<ORDERED_COLLECTION BASE_TYPE="NarrowerConcepts" QTY="20">
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="bd6579bf-401d-4883-8918-ac2e5832e124" NAME="Apollo 1" TYPE="has narrower">
<CLASS NAME="Mission"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="ccfbcca8-ab8d-4c42-820c-aadd9ebef1bd" NAME="Apollo 4" TYPE="has narrower">
<CLASS NAME="Mission"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="96191bea-8b57-4f45-b81e-e3be7e3edf41" NAME="Apollo 5" TYPE="has narrower">
<CLASS NAME="Mission"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="2b678f25-cbef-48c4-a20d-7ce83863791d" NAME="Apollo 6" TYPE="has narrower">
<CLASS NAME="Mission"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="ba3b320f-7644-43b9-aa41-65a4b7a44c33" NAME="Apollo 7" TYPE="has narrower">
<CLASS NAME="Mission"/>
</FIELD>
<FIELD FREQ="0" ID="8b2ffc68-a44b-4fe8-95d2-fef03a589e6a" NAME="Apollo 8" TYPE="has narrower">
<CLASS NAME="Mission"/>
</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished landing the first twelve humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. First conceived during the Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury which put the first Americans in space, Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the 1960s, which he proposed in a May 25, 1961 address to Congress. Project Mercury was followed by the two-man Project Gemini (1962–66). The first manned flight of Apollo was in 1968.Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Lunar Module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the Command/Service Module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, 12 men walked on the Moon.Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo / Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program which consisted of three Skylab space station missions in 1973–74.Apollo succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a pre-launch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with an ambitious plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a "lifeboat" for these functions.Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit; Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit. The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's current human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">Copernicus, formerly Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES), is a programme of the European Commission which aims at achieving an autonomous, multi-level operational Earth observation capacity. Its cost during 1998 to 2020 is estimated to be 8.4 billion euro. European Space Agency has performed much of its design and oversees and co-funds the development of Sentinel satellites (1,2,3,4 and 5) instruments for MTG and MetOp-SG weather satellites of EUMETSAT.The objective is to use multi-source data to get a timely and quality information, services and knowledge, and to provide autonomous and independent access to information in relation to environment and security on a global level. In other words, it will pull together all the information obtained by the Copernicus environmental satellites, air and ground stations to provide a comprehensive picture of the "health" of Earth. The geo-spatial information services offered by Copernicus can be grouped into six main interacting themes: land, ocean, emergency response, atmosphere, security and climate change. The first three Copernicus services under the land, ocean and emergency response themes and two additional services addressing the atmosphere and security themes were unveiled at the Copernicus Forum held in Lille in September 2008. Currently in their pre-operational phase, it is foreseen that these services enter into an EU-wide operational phase by 2011, with the objective to be fully operational by 2014.Copernicus builds upon 3 components: the space component (observation satellites and associated ground segment with missions observing land, atmospheric and oceanographic parameters) This comprises two types of satellite missions, ESA's five families of dedicated Sentinel (space missions) and missions from other space agencies, called Contributing Missions. in-situ measurements (ground-based and airborne data gathering networks providing information on oceans, continental surface and atmosphere) services to users.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 1 (initially designated AS-204) was the first manned mission of the U.S. Apollo manned lunar landing program. The planned low Earth orbital test of the Apollo Command/Service Module never made its target launch date of February 21, 1967, because a cabin fire during a launch rehearsal test on January 27 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 34 killed all three crew members—Command Pilot Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White II, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee—and destroyed the Command Module (CM). The name Apollo 1, chosen by the crew, was officially retired by NASA in commemoration of them on April 24, 1967.Immediately after the fire, NASA convened the Apollo 204 Accident Review Board to determine the cause of the fire, and both houses of the United States Congress launched their own committee inquiries to oversee NASA's investigation. During the investigation, a NASA internal document citing problems with prime Apollo contractor North American Aviation was publicly revealed by a Senator and became known as the "Phillips Report", embarrassing NASA Administrator James E. Webb, who was unaware of the document's existence, and attracting controversy to the Apollo program. Despite congressional displeasure at NASA's openness, both congressional committees ruled that the issues raised in the report had no bearing on the accident, and allowed NASA to continue with the program.Although the ignition source could not be conclusively identified, the astronauts' deaths were attributed to a wide range of lethal design and construction flaws in the early Apollo Command Module. Manned Apollo flights were suspended for 20 months while these problems were corrected. The Saturn IB launch vehicle, SA-204, scheduled for use on this mission, was later used for the first unmanned Lunar Module (LM) test flight, Apollo 5. The first successful manned Apollo mission was flown by Apollo 1's backup crew on Apollo 7 in October 1968.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program. Launched on May 18, 1969, it was the F mission: a "dress rehearsal" for the first Moon landing, testing all of the components and procedures, just short of actually landing. The Lunar Module (LM) came to within 8.4 nautical miles (15.6 km) of the lunar surface, the point where the powered descent to the lunar surface would begin. Its success enabled the first landing to be attempted on Apollo 11 in July, 1969.According to the 2002 Guinness World Records, Apollo 10 set the record for the highest speed attained by a manned vehicle at 39,897 km/h (11.08 km/s or 24,791 mph) during the return from the Moon on May 26, 1969.Due to the use of their names as call signs, the Peanuts characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy became semi-official mascots for the mission. Peanuts creator Charles Schulz also drew some special mission-related artwork for NASA.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moon, Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Armstrong spent about two and a half hours outside the spacecraft, Aldrin slightly less, and together they collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material for return to Earth. The third member of the mission, Michael Collins, piloted the command spacecraft alone in lunar orbit until Armstrong and Aldrin returned to it just under a day later for the trip back to Earth.Launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, Apollo 11 was the fifth manned mission of NASA's Apollo program. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a Command Module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that landed back on Earth; a Service Module (SM), which supported the Command Module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a Lunar Module (LM) for landing on the Moon. After being sent toward the Moon by the Saturn V's upper stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered into lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the Lunar Module and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. They stayed a total of about 21½ hours on the lunar surface. After lifting off in the upper part of the Lunar Module and rejoining Collins in the Command Module, they returned to Earth and landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24.Broadcast on live TV to a world-wide audience, Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by the U.S. President John F. Kennedy in a speech before the U.S. Congress: "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."</FIELD>
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<SYNONYM>04225</SYNONYM>
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<SYNONYM>Intrepid</SYNONYM>
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<FIELD NAME="Launch date">1969-11-14T01:00:00+0100</FIELD>
<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 12 was the sixth manned flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon (an H type mission). It was launched on November 14, 1969 from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, four months after Apollo 11. Mission commander Charles "Pete" Conrad and Lunar Module Pilot Alan L. Bean performed just over one day and seven hours of lunar surface activity while Command Module Pilot Richard F. Gordon remained in lunar orbit. The landing site for the mission was located in the southeastern portion of the Ocean of Storms.Unlike the first landing on Apollo 11, Conrad and Bean achieved a precise landing at their expected location, the site of the Surveyor 3 unmanned probe, which had landed on April 20, 1967. They carried the first color television camera to the lunar surface on an Apollo flight, but transmission was lost after Bean accidentally destroyed the camera by pointing it at the Sun. On one of two moonwalks, they visited the Surveyor and removed some parts for return to Earth. The mission ended on November 24 with a successful splashdown.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="Launch date">1970-04-11T01:00:00+0100</FIELD>
<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 13 was the seventh manned mission in the American Apollo space program and the third intended to land on the Moon. The craft was launched on April 11, 1970, at 13:13 CST from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank exploded two days later, crippling the Service Module (SM) upon which the Command Module (CM) depended. Despite great hardship caused by limited power, loss of cabin heat, shortage of potable water, and the critical need to jury-rig the carbon dioxide removal system, the crew returned safely to Earth on April 17.The flight was commanded by James A. Lovell with John L. "Jack" Swigert as Command Module Pilot and Fred W. Haise as Lunar Module Pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for the original CM pilot Ken Mattingly, who was grounded by the flight surgeon after exposure to German measles.</FIELD>
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<SYNONYM>1971-008A</SYNONYM>
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<FIELD NAME="Launch date">1971-01-31T01:00:00+0100</FIELD>
<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the United States Apollo program, and the third to land on the Moon. It was the last of the "H missions," targeted landings with two-day stays on the Moon with two lunar EVAs, or moonwalks.Commander Alan Shepard, Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa, and Lunar Module Pilot Edgar Mitchell launched on their nine-day mission on January 31, 1971 at 4:04:02 pm local time after a 40 minute, 2 second delay due to launch site weather restrictions, the first such delay in the Apollo program. Shepard and Mitchell made their lunar landing on February 5 in the Fra Mauro formation; this had originally been the target of the aborted Apollo 13 mission. During the two lunar EVAs, 42 kilograms (93 lb) of Moon rocks were collected and several surface experiments, including seismic studies, were performed. Shepard famously hit two golf balls on the lunar surface with a makeshift club he had brought from Earth. Shepard and Mitchell spent about 33 hours on the Moon, with about 9½ hours on EVA.While Shepard and Mitchell were on the surface, Roosa remained in lunar orbit aboard the Command/Service Module Kitty Hawk, performing scientific experiments and photographing the Moon, including the landing site of the future Apollo 16 mission. He took several hundred seeds on the mission, many of which were germinated on return, resulting in the so-called Moon trees. Shepard, Roosa, and Mitchell landed in the Pacific Ocean on February 9.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="Launch date">1971-07-26T01:00:00+0100</FIELD>
<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the United States' Apollo program, the fourth to land on the Moon, and the eighth successful manned mission. It was the first of what were termed "J missions," long stays on the Moon, with a greater focus on science than had been possible on previous missions. It was also the first mission on which the Lunar Roving Vehicle was used.The mission began on July 26, 1971, and ended on August 7. At the time, NASA called it the most successful manned flight ever achieved.Commander David Scott and Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin spent three days on the Moon, including 18½ hours outside the spacecraft on lunar extra-vehicular activity (EVA). The mission landed near Hadley rille, in an area of the Mare Imbrium called Palus Putredinus (Marsh of Decay). The crew explored the area using the first lunar rover, which allowed them to travel much farther from the Lunar Module (LM) than had been possible on missions without the rover. They collected 77 kilograms (170 lb) of lunar surface material. At the same time, Command Module Pilot Alfred Worden orbited the Moon, using a Scientific Instrument Module (SIM) in the Service Module (SM) to study the lunar surface and environment in great detail with a panoramic camera, a gamma-ray spectrometer, a mapping camera, a laser altimeter, a mass spectrometer, and a lunar sub-satellite deployed at the end of Apollo 15's stay in lunar orbit (an Apollo program first).Although the mission accomplished its objectives, this success was somewhat overshadowed by negative publicity that accompanied public awareness of postage stamps carried without authorization by the astronauts, who had made plans to sell them upon their return. Ironically, this mission was one of very few that had been honored with the issue of a commemorative stamp, with this first use of a lunar rover happening one decade after the first Mercury astronaut launch.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="Launch date">1972-04-16T01:00:00+0100</FIELD>
<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon and the first to land in the lunar highlands. The second of the so-called "J missions," it was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly. Launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 12:54 PM EST on April 16, 1972, the mission lasted 11 days, 1 hour, and 51 minutes, and concluded at 2:45 PM EST on April 27.John Young and Charles Duke spent 71 hours—just under three days—on the lunar surface, during which they conducted three extra-vehicular activities or moonwalks, totaling 20 hours and 14 minutes. The pair drove the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), the second produced and used on the Moon, 26.7 kilometers (16.6 mi). On the surface, Young and Duke collected 95.8 kilograms (211 lb) of lunar samples for return to Earth, while Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly orbited in the Command/Service Module (CSM) above to perform observations. Mattingly spent 126 hours and 64 revolutions in lunar orbit. After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the Service Module (SM). During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the Service Module.Apollo 16's landing spot in the highlands was chosen to allow the astronauts to gather geologically older lunar material than the samples obtained in the first four landings, which were in or near lunar maria. Samples from the Descartes Formation and the Cayley Formation disproved a hypothesis that the formations were volcanic in origin.</FIELD>
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<SYNONYM>06300</SYNONYM>
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<SYNONYM>CSM: America</SYNONYM>
<SYNONYM>LM: Challenger</SYNONYM>
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<SYNONYM>1972-096A</SYNONYM>
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<FIELD NAME="Launch date">1972-12-07T00:00:00+0000</FIELD>
<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 17 was the final mission of the United States' Apollo program, the enterprise that landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched at 12:33 am Eastern Standard Time (EST) on December 7, 1972, with a three-member crew consisting of Commander Eugene Cernan, Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans, and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt, It was the last use of Apollo hardware for its original mission. After Apollo 17, extra Apollo spacecraft were used in the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz Test Project programs.Apollo 17 was the first night launch of a U.S. human spaceflight and the final crewed launch of a Saturn V rocket. It was a "J-type mission," which included a three-day lunar surface stay, extended scientific capability, and the third Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). While Evans remained in lunar orbit above in the Command/Service Module (CSM), Cernan and Schmitt spent just over three days on the lunar surface in the Taurus-Littrow valley, conducting three periods of extra-vehicular activity, or moonwalks, during which they collected lunar samples and deployed scientific instruments. Cernan, Evans, and Schmitt returned to Earth on December 19 after an approximately 12-day mission.The decision to land in the Taurus-Littrow valley was made with the primary objectives for Apollo 17 in mind: to sample lunar highland material older than the impact that formed Mare Imbrium and investigating the possibility of relatively young volcanic activity in the same vicinity. Taurus-Littrow was selected with the prospects of finding highland material in the valley's north and south walls and the possibility that several craters in the valley surrounded by dark material could be linked to volcanic activity.Apollo 17 also broke several records set by previous flights, including the longest manned lunar landing flight; the longest total lunar surface extravehicular activities; the largest lunar sample return, and the longest time in lunar orbit. Apollo 17 remains the most recent manned Moon landing and also the last time humans have travelled beyond low Earth orbit.</FIELD>
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<NAME>Apollo 19</NAME>
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<NAME>Apollo 20</NAME>
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<NAME>Apollo 21</NAME>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">"Apollo 21" is an apocryphal reference to an eleventh manned Moon landing mission of NASAs Apollo program. Apollo contracted for the construction of fifteen Saturn V launch vehicles used to launch the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon, and achieved the first manned landing with the sixth one (Apollo 11), leaving nine for follow-on lunar missions, through Apollo 20. However, budget cuts caused NASA to cancel the last three missions, ending the lunar program after Apollo 17. One Saturn V was used to launch the Skylab space station, and parts of the other two became museum displays.An "Apollo 21" lunar landing mission appears in three twenty-first-century works of fiction.</FIELD>
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<NAME>Apollo 4</NAME>
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<SYNONYM>03032</SYNONYM>
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<SYNONYM>Apollo 4 first unmanned Saturn V test</SYNONYM>
<SYNONYM>first Saturn V launch</SYNONYM>
<SYNONYM>first Saturn V test flight</SYNONYM>
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<SYNONYM>1967-113A</SYNONYM>
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<FIELD NAME="Launch date">1967-11-09T00:00:00+0000</FIELD>
<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 4, (also known as AS-501), was the first, unmanned test flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle, which was used by the U.S. Apollo program to send the first astronauts to the Moon. The space vehicle was assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building, and was the first to be launched from Launch Complex 39 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, facilities built specially for the Saturn V. Apollo 4 was an "all-up" test, meaning all rocket stages and spacecraft were fully functional on the initial flight, a first for NASA. It was the first time the S-IC first stage and S-II second stage flew. It also demonstrated the S-IVB third stage's first in-flight restart. The mission used a Block I Command Service Module (CSM) modified to test several key Block II revisions, including its heat shield at simulated lunar-return velocity and angle.Originally planned for late 1966, the flight was delayed to November 9, 1967, largely due to development problems of the S-II stage encountered by North American Aviation, the manufacturer of the stage. Delay was also caused, to a lesser extent, by a large number of wiring defects found by NASA in the Apollo spacecraft, also built by North American.The mission was the first Apollo flight after the stand-down imposed after the Apollo 1 fire which killed the first Apollo crew. It was the first to use NASA's official Apollo numbering scheme established in April 1967, designated Apollo 4 because there had been three previous unmanned Apollo/Saturn flights in 1966, using the Saturn IB launch vehicle.The mission lasted almost nine hours, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean, achieving all mission goals. NASA deemed the mission a complete success, because it proved the Saturn V worked, an important step towards achieving the Apollo program's objective of landing astronauts on the Moon and bringing them back safely, before the end of the decade.</FIELD>
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<SYNONYM>03106</SYNONYM>
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<FIELD NAME="Launch date">1968-01-22T00:00:00+0000</FIELD>
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<NAME>Apollo 6</NAME>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 7 was a 1968 human spaceflight mission carried out by the United States of America. It was the first mission in the United States' Apollo program to carry a crew into space. It was also the first U.S. spaceflight to carry astronauts since the flight of Gemini XII in November 1966. The AS-204 mission, also known as "Apollo 1", was intended to be the first manned flight of the Apollo program, scheduled to launch in February 1967. However, a fire in the cabin during a January 1967 test killed the crew. Manned flights were then suspended for 19 months, while the cause of the accident was investigated, and improvements were made to the spacecraft and safety procedures. Apollo 7 essentially fulfilled Apollo 1's mission. The Apollo 7 crew was commanded by Walter M. Schirra, with Command Module Pilot Donn F. Eisele, and Lunar Module Pilot R. Walter Cunningham. Their mission was Apollo's 'C' mission, an 11-day Earth-orbital test flight to check out the redesigned Block II Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) with a crew on board. It was the first launch of a Saturn IB vehicle to put a crew into space, the first three-person American space mission, and the first live TV broadcast from an American spacecraft. It was successfully launched on October 11, 1968, from what was then known as Cape Kennedy Air Force Station, Florida. Despite tension between the crew and ground controllers, the mission was a complete technical success, giving NASA the confidence to launch Apollo 8 around the Moon two months later. However, the flight would prove to be the last NASA space flight for all of its three crew members when it splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean on October 22, 1968. It was also the final manned launch from Cape Kennedy Air Force Station.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 8, the second human spaceflight mission in the United States Apollo space program, was launched on December 21, 1968, and became the first manned spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, reach the Earth's Moon, orbit it and return safely to Earth. The three-astronaut crew — Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders — became the first humans to travel beyond low Earth orbit, the first to see Earth as a whole planet, the first to directly see the far side of the Moon, and then the first to witness Earthrise. The 1968 mission, the third flight of the Saturn V rocket and that rocket's first manned launch, was also the first human spaceflight launch from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, located adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.The mission was originally planned as Apollo 9, to be performed in early 1969 as the second test of the complete Apollo spacecraft, including the Lunar Module and the Command/Service Module in an elliptical medium Earth orbit. But when the Lunar Module proved unready to make its first test in a lower Earth orbit in December 1968, it was decided in August to fly Apollo 8 in December as a more ambitious lunar orbital flight without the Lunar Module. This meant Borman's crew was scheduled to fly two to three months sooner than originally planned, leaving them a shorter time for training and preparation, thus placing more demands than usual on their time and discipline.Apollo 8 took three days to travel to the Moon. It orbited ten times over the course of 20 hours, during which the crew made a Christmas Eve television broadcast where they read the first 10 verses from the Book of Genesis. At the time, the broadcast was the most watched TV program ever. Apollo 8's successful mission paved the way for Apollo 11 to fulfill U.S. President John F. Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s. The Apollo 8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the Northern Pacific Ocean. The crew was named Time magazine's "Men of the Year" for 1968 upon their return.</FIELD>
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<FIELD NAME="definition">Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the United States Apollo space program and the first flight of the Command/Service Module (CSM) with the Lunar Module (LM). Its three-person crew, consisting of Commander James McDivitt, Command Module Pilot David Scott, and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart, tested several aspects critical to landing on the Moon, including the LM engines, backpack life support systems, navigation systems, and docking maneuvers. The mission was the second manned launch of a Saturn V rocket.After launching on March 3, 1969, the crewmen spent ten days in low Earth orbit. They performed the first manned flight of a LM, the first docking and extraction of a LM, two spacewalks (EVA), and the second docking of two manned spacecraft—two months after the Soviets performed a spacewalk crew transfer between Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5. The mission proved the LM worthy of manned spaceflight. Further tests on the Apollo 10 mission would prepare the LM for its ultimate goal, landing on the Moon. They returned to Earth on March 13, 1969.</FIELD>
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Differences to older versions
Previously in the REST format request, “hierarchy” was used where the relationship type was not specified and “hierarchies” used when the relationship type was specified. This distinction has been removed, so “hierarchies” is no longer supported.